restore(8)restore(8)Namerestore - incremental file system restoreSyntax
/etc/restore key [ name... ]
Description
The command reads from magnetic tapes, disks, a file, or a pipe created
by the command. The default dump media from which files are read is
This utility supports EOT handling which allows the use of multiple
media. The utility prompts for the next volume when it encounters the
end of the current volume.
This utility supports the TA90 style sequential stacker loader device.
The device ejects a cartridge when it is taken off line. This utility
performs the device ejection on behalf of the user when it encounters a
multivolume boundary during write or read operations involving tape.
The device then automatically loads the next available tape (if there
is one). The utility then attempts to access this next tape for a rea‐
sonable amount of time (approximately three minutes) before prompting
the user for a manual reload operation.
You can request another dump device or dump image file by using the f
key modifier. The key is a character string containing one function
letter and possibly one or more function modifiers. Other arguments to
the command are file or directory names specifying the files to be
restored. Unless the h key is specified, the appearance of a directory
name refers to all files and, recursively, the subdirectories of that
directory. The function portion of the key is specified by one of the
following letters:
Keys
L Permits the program to treat the tape drive as a sequential loader
device even though it is not represented as such in the system
driver tables.
i This key allows interactive restoration of files from the dump
media. After reading in the directory information from the dump
media, lets the user move around the directory tree selecting or
deselecting files to be extracted. Only the first letter of the
interactive commands are parsed. The available interactive com‐
mands are:
ls [arg] List the specified directory. If no directory is
specified, the user's current directory is listed.
Entries that are directories are appended with a slash
(/). Entries that have been marked for extraction are
prepended with an asterisk (*). If the verbose key is
set, the inode number of each entry is also listed.
cd arg Change the current working directory to the directory
specified.
pwd Print the full pathname of the current working direc‐
tory.
add [arg] The current directory or the specified argument (a
directory or file) is added to the extraction list
(the list of files to be extracted). If a directory
is specified, then it and all its descendents are
added to the extraction list, unless the h key is
specified on the command line. Files that are on the
extraction list are prepended with an asterisk (*)
when they are listed by ls.
delete [arg]
The current directory or specified argument is deleted
from the extraction list (the list of files to be
extracted). If a directory is specified, then it and
all its descendents are deleted from the extraction
list, unless the h key modifier is specified on the
command line. The easiest way to extract most of the
files from a directory is to add the directory to the
extraction list and then delete those files that are
not needed.
extract All the files on the extraction list are extracted
from the dump media. The command asks which volume
the user wishes to mount.
verbose The verbose ( v ) key is toggled. Entering the com‐
mand turns on verbose. Entering the command again
turns off verbose. When used, the verbose key causes
the ls command to list the inode numbers of all
entries. It also causes to print out information
about each file as it is extracted.
help List a summary of the available commands.
quit The utility immediately exits, even if the extraction
list is not empty. A synonym exists for this command:
Do not confuse this interactive command with the
extract key, described below.
R The utility prompts for a particular volume of a multivolume set
on which to restart a full restore. This option lets be inter‐
rupted and then restarted.
r The dump media's data is read into the current directory. You
should use this function key only to restore the complete dump
media onto a newly created file system, or to restore incremental
dump media after a full level-0 restore. See the Examples section
for a typical sequence to restore complete dump media. Note that
leaves a file, in the root directory to pass information between
incremental restore passes. Remove this file after the last
incremental dump media has been restored. A followed by a and a
can be used to change the size of a file system.
t The names of the specified files are listed if they occur on the
dump media. If no name argument is given, then the root directory
is listed. This results in the entire contents of the dump media
being listed, unless the h key modifier has been specified.
x The files specified by the name argument are extracted from the
dump media. If a named file matches a directory whose contents
had been written onto the dump media and the h key modifier is not
specified, the directory is recursively extracted. The owner,
modification time, and mode are restored, if possible. If no name
argument is given, the root directory is extracted. This results
in the extraction of the entire contents of the dump media unless
the h key modifier has been specified.
You can use any of the following characters in addition to the letter
that selects the function desired:
B The next argument to is a number giving the size, in 1024-byte
blocks, of a fixed-size storage medium, such as diskettes or
removable disks (see the Examples section). The command does not
ask whether it should abort the restore if there is a dump media
read error. It always tries to skip over the bad block(s) and
continue.
f The next argument to is used as the name of the archive instead of
If the argument is a dash (-), reads from standard input (see the
Examples section).
h The command extracts the actual directory, rather than the files
that it references. This prevents hierarchical restoration of
complete subtrees from the dump media:
m The command extracts by inode numbers rather than by file name.
This is useful if only a few files are being extracted, and you
want to avoid typing the complete pathname to the file.
s The next argument identifies, by number, which dump file on the
dump media is to be used by This is useful when the dump media has
more than one dump image on it and not all of them will be
restored.
v Normally, does its work silently. The v (verbose) key modifier
causes it to display the name of each file it treats, preceded by
its file type.
Examples
The following example shows a typical sequence of commands to restore
complete dump media.
/etc/newfs /dev/rra0g ra60
/etc/mount /dev/ra0g /mnt
cd /mnt
restore r
Another can be done to get an incremental dump.
The following example shows how and can be used in a pipeline to dump
and restore a file system:
dump 0f - /usr | (cd /mnt; restore xf -)
The following example shows how to restore files interactively from a
dump on RX50 diskettes:
restore iBf 400 /dev/ra2a
The following example shows how to obtain a log after dumping multiple
file systems to the no-rewind device:
dump 0uf /dev/nrmt1h /junkd
dump 0uf /dev/nrmt1h /junke
dump 0uf /dev/nrmt1h /junkf
mt -f /dev/rmt1h rew
restore tvf /dev/nrmt1h
restore tvfs /dev/nrmt1h 2
restore tvfs /dev/nrmt1h 2
The following example shows how to restore the fifth file system from a
multiarchive dump:
restore rvfs /dev/rmt1h 5
Restrictions
The utility can make errors when doing incremental restores from dump
media that were made on active file systems.
You must do a level 0 dump after a full restore. Because runs in user
code, it has no control over inode allocation; thus, you must do a full
to get a new set of directories that reflects the new inode numbering,
even though the contents of the files are unchanged.
Tape position following a command is before the end of archive tape
mark. Tape position after the command is after the end of archive tape
mark.
The utility requires that the initial tape position is at the start of
an archive, unless the option is used.
Diagnostics
Complains about bad key characters.
Complains if it gets a dump media read error. If the user responds
with a y, attempts to continue the restore.
If the dump extends over more than one dump volume, will ask the user
to change volumes. If the x or i function key has been specified, also
asks which volume the user wishes to mount.
There are numerous consistency checks that can be listed by Most checks
are self-explanatory. Some common errors are:
Converting to new file system format
If dump media created from the Fast File System (FFS) has been loaded.
It is automatically converted to the Berkeley Version 4.2 file system
format.
<filename>: not found on tape{disk}
The specified file name was listed in the dump media directory, but was
not found on the media. This is caused by dump media read errors while
looking for the file or from using dump media created on an active file
system. Expected next file <inumber>, got <inumber>
A file that was not listed in the directory was found on the media.
This can occur when using dump media created on an active file system.
Incremental tape{disk} too low
When doing incremental restore, dump media was loaded that was written
before the previous incremental media or has too low an incremental
level.
Incremental tape{disk} too high
When doing incremental restore, dump media that does not begin its cov‐
erage where the previous incremental dump media left off, or that has
too high an incremental level has been loaded.
Tape{Disk} read error while restoring <filename>
Dump media read error while skipping over inode <inumber>
Dump media read error while trying to resynchronize
A dump media read error has occurred. If a file name is specified,
then its contents are probably partially wrong. If an inode is being
skipped or the restore is trying to resynchronize, then no extracted
files have been corrupted, although files may not be found on the dump
media.
resync restore, skipped <num> blocks
After a dump media read error, may have to resynchronize itself. This
message lists the number of blocks that were skipped.
Files
Default tape drive
File containing directories on the dump media
Owner, mode, and time stamps for directories
Information passed between incremental restores
Required for user interface
See Alsodump(8), mkfs(8), mount(8), rrestore(8c)restore(8)
