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mmap(2)				 System Calls			       mmap(2)

NAME
       mmap - map pages of memory

SYNOPSIS
       #include <sys/mman.h>

       void  *mmap(void	 *addr,	 size_t	 len, int prot, int flags, int fildes,
       off_t off);

DESCRIPTION
       The mmap() function establishes a mapping between a  process's  address
       space  and a file or shared memory object. The format of the call is as
       follows:

	      pa = mmap(addr, len, prot, flags, fildes, off);

       The mmap() function establishes a mapping between the address space  of
       the  process at an address pa for len bytes to the memory object repre‐
       sented by the file descriptor fildes at offset off for len  bytes.  The
       value  of  pa  is a function of the  addr argument and values of flags,
       further described below. A successful mmap() call  returns  pa  as  its
       result.	The  address range starting at pa and continuing for len bytes
       will be legitimate for the possible (not necessarily  current)  address
       space of the process. The range of bytes starting at off and continuing
       for len bytes will be legitimate for the possible (not necessarily cur‐
       rent)  offsets  in  the	file  or  shared  memory object represented by
       fildes.

       The mmap() function allows [pa, pa + len) to extend beyond the  end  of
       the  object  both  at the time of the mmap() and while the mapping per‐
       sists, such as when the file is created prior to the  mmap()  call  and
       has  no	contents,  or  when  the  file	is truncated. Any reference to
       addresses beyond the end of the object, however,	 will  result  in  the
       delivery	 of  a SIGBUS or SIGSEGV signal. The mmap() function cannot be
       used to implicitly extend the length of files.

       The mapping established by mmap() replaces any  previous	 mappings  for
       those  whole  pages  containing	any  part  of the address space of the
       process starting at pa and continuing for len bytes.

       If the size of the mapped file changes after the call to	 mmap()	 as  a
       result of some other operation on the mapped file, the effect of refer‐
       ences to portions of the mapped region  that  correspond	 to  added  or
       removed portions of the file is unspecified.

       The  mmap()  function  is supported for regular files and shared memory
       objects. Support for any other type of file is unspecified.

       The  prot argument determines whether read,  write,  execute,  or  some
       combination  of	accesses  are  permitted to the data being mapped. The
       prot argument should be either PROT_NONE or the bitwise inclusive OR of
       one  or	more of the other flags in the following table, defined in the
       header <sys/mman.h>.

       PROT_READ       Data can be read.

       PROT_WRITE      Data can be written.

       PROT_EXEC       Data can be executed.

       PROT_NONE       Data cannot be accessed.

       If an implementation of mmap() for a specific platform  cannot  support
       the  combination	 of access types specified by prot, the call to mmap()
       fails. An implementation may permit accesses other than those specified
       by prot; however, the implementation will not permit a write to succeed
       where PROT_WRITE has not been set or permit any access where  PROT_NONE
       alone  has  been	 set.  Each platform-specific implementation of mmap()
       supports	 the  following	 values	  of   prot:   PROT_NONE,   PROT_READ,
       PROT_WRITE,  and	 the inclusive OR of PROT_READ and PROT_WRITE. On some
       platforms,  the	PROT_WRITE  protection	option	 is   implemented   as
       PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE  and  PROT_EXEC  as	 PROT_READ|PROT_EXEC. The file
       descriptor fildes is opened with read  permission,  regardless  of  the
       protection  options specified. If PROT_WRITE is specified, the applica‐
       tion must have opened the file descriptor fildes with write  permission
       unless  MAP_PRIVATE  is	specified  in  the flags argument as described
       below.

       The  flags argument provides other information about  the  handling  of
       the  mapped  data.  The	value  of flags is the bitwise inclusive OR of
       these options, defined in <sys/mman.h>:

       MAP_SHARED      Changes are shared.

       MAP_PRIVATE     Changes are private.

       MAP_FIXED       Interpret addr exactly.

       MAP_NORESERVE   Do not reserve swap space.

       MAP_ANON	       Map anonymous memory.

       MAP_ALIGN       Interpret addr as required aligment.

       MAP_TEXT	       Map text.

       MAP_INITDATA    Map initialized data segment.

       The MAP_SHARED and MAP_PRIVATE  options	describe  the  disposition  of
       write  references to the underlying object. If MAP_SHARED is specified,
       write references will change the memory object. If MAP_PRIVATE is spec‐
       ified,  the  initial  write reference will create a private copy of the
       memory object page and redirect the mapping to the  copy.  The  private
       copy  is not created until the first write; until then, other users who
       have the	 object	 mapped	 MAP_SHARED  can  change  the  object.	Either
       MAP_SHARED  or MAP_PRIVATE must be specified, but not both. The mapping
       type is retained across fork(2).

       When MAP_FIXED is set in the flags argument,  the  system  is  informed
       that the value of pa must be addr, exactly. If MAP_FIXED is set, mmap()
       may return (void *)−1 and set errno to EINVAL.  If a MAP_FIXED  request
       is  successful, the mapping established by mmap() replaces any previous
       mappings for the process's pages in the range [pa, pa + len).  The  use
       of  MAP_FIXED is discouraged, since it may prevent a system from making
       the most effective use of its resources.

       When MAP_FIXED is set and the requested address is the same as previous
       mapping,	 the  previous address is unmapped and the new mapping is cre‐
       ated on top of the old one.

       When MAP_FIXED is not set, the system uses addr to arrive at pa. The pa
       so  chosen  will	 be an area of the address space that the system deems
       suitable for a mapping of len bytes to the file.	 The  mmap()  function
       interprets  an  addr value of 0 as granting the system complete freedom
       in selecting pa, subject to constraints	described  below.  A  non-zero
       value  of  addr	is  taken to be a suggestion of a process address near
       which the mapping should be placed. When the system selects a value for
       pa, it will never place a mapping at address 0, nor will it replace any
       extant mapping, nor map into areas considered  part  of	the  potential
       data or stack "segments".

       When  MAP_ALIGN is set, the system is informed that the alignment of pa
       must be the same as addr. The alignment value in addr must be 0 or some
       power  of two multiple of page size as returned by sysconf(3C). If addr
       is 0, the system will choose a suitable	alignment.

       The MAP_NORESERVE option specifies that no swap space be reserved for a
       mapping. Without this flag, the creation of a writable MAP_PRIVATE map‐
       ping reserves swap space equal to the size of  the  mapping;  when  the
       mapping	is  written into, the reserved space  is employed to hold pri‐
       vate copies of the data. A write into a MAP_NORESERVE mapping  produces
       results	which depend on the current availability of swap  space in the
       system.	If space is available, the write succeeds and a	 private  copy
       of  the	written	 page is created; if space is not available, the write
       fails and a SIGBUS or  SIGSEGV  signal  is  delivered  to  the  writing
       process.	  MAP_NORESERVE	 mappings are inherited across	fork(); at the
       time of the fork(), swap space is reserved in the child for all private
       pages  that  currently exist in the parent; thereafter the child's map‐
       ping behaves as described above.

       When MAP_ANON is set in flags, and fildes is set to -1, mmap() provides
       a  direct path to return anonymous pages to the caller.	This operation
       is equivalent to passing mmap() an open file  descriptor	 on  /dev/zero
       with MAP_ANON elided from the flags argument.

       The  MAP_TEXT  option informs the system that the mapped region will be
       used primarily for executing instructions. This	information  can  help
       the system better utilize MMU resources on some platforms. This flag is
       always passed by the dynamic linker  when  it  maps  text  segments  of
       shared  objects. When the MAP_TEXT option is used for regular file map‐
       pings on some platforms, the system can choose a	 mapping  size	larger
       than  the  page	size  returned by sysconf(3C). The specific page sizes
       that are used depend on the platform and the alignment of the addr  and
       len  arguments.	Several	 diffrent mapping sizes can be used to map the
       region with larger page sizes used in the parts of the region that meet
       alignment and size requirements for those page sizes.

       The MAP_INITDATA option informs the system that the mapped region is an
       initialized data segment of an executable or shared  object.  When  the
       MAP_INITDATA  option  is	 used  for regular file mappings on some plat‐
       forms, the system can choose a mapping size larger than the  page  size
       returned	 by  sysconf(). The MAP_INITDATA option should be used only by
       the dynamic linker for mapping initialized data of shared objects.

       The off argument is constrained to be aligned and  sized	 according  to
       the   value   returned	by   sysconf()	when  passed  _SC_PAGESIZE  or
       _SC_PAGE_SIZE. When MAP_FIXED is specified, the addr argument must also
       meet  these  constraints.  The  system performs mapping operations over
       whole pages. Thus, while the  len argument need	not  meet  a  size  or
       alignment  constraint,  the  system will include, in any mapping opera‐
       tion, any partial page specified by the range [pa, pa + len).

       The system will always zero-fill any partial page  at  the  end	of  an
       object.	Further, the system will never write out any modified portions
       of the last page of an object which are beyond its end.	References  to
       whole  pages following the end of an object will result in the delivery
       of a SIGBUS or SIGSEGV signal. SIGBUS signals may also be delivered  on
       various file system conditions, including quota exceeded errors.

       The mmap() function adds an extra reference to the file associated with
       the file descriptor  fildes  which  is  not  removed  by	 a  subsequent
       close(2) on that file descriptor.  This reference is removed when there
       are no more mappings to the file by a call to the munmap(2) function.

       The st_atime field of the mapped file may be marked for update  at  any
       time between the mmap() call and the corresponding munmap(2) call.  The
       initial read or write reference to  a  mapped  region  will  cause  the
       file's  st_atime	 field	to  be marked for update if it has not already
       been marked for update.

       The st_ctime and	 st_mtime  fields  of  a  file	that  is  mapped  with
       MAP_SHARED  and	PROT_WRITE, will be marked for update at some point in
       the interval between a write reference to the  mapped  region  and  the
       next call to msync(3C) with MS_ASYNC or MS_SYNC for that portion of the
       file by any process.  If there is no such call,	these  fields  may  be
       marked for update at any time after a write reference if the underlying
       file is modified as a result.

       If the process calls mlockall(3C) with the MCL_FUTURE flag,  the	 pages
       mapped  by all future calls to mmap() will be locked in memory. In this
       case, if not enough memory could be locked, mmap() fails and sets errno
       to EAGAIN.

       The  mmap()  function  aligns  based on the length of the mapping. When
       determining the amount of space to add to  the  address	space,	mmap()
       includes two 8-Kbyte pages, one at each end of the mapping that are not
       mapped and are therefore used as "red-zone" pages. Attempts  to	refer‐
       ence these pages result in access violations.

       The  size requested is incremented by the 16 Kbytes for these pages and
       is then subject to rounding constraints. The constraints are:

	 ·  For 32-bit processes:

	    If length > 4 Mbytes
		    round to 4-Mbyte multiple
	    elseif length > 512 Kbytes
		    round to 512-Kbyte multiple
	    else
		    round to 64-Kbyte multiple

	 ·  For 64-bit processes:

	    If length > 4 Mbytes
		    round to 4-Mbyte multiple
	    else
		    round to 1-Mbyte multiple

       The net result is that for a 32-bit process:

	 ·  If an mmap() request is made for 4 Mbytes, it results in 4	Mbytes
	    + 16 Kbytes and is rounded up to 8 Mbytes.

	 ·  If	an  mmap()  request  is made for 512 Kbytes, it results in 512
	    Kbytes + 16 Kbytes and is rounded up to 1 Mbyte.

	 ·  If an mmap() request is made for 1 Mbyte, it results in 1 Mbyte  +
	    16 Kbytes and is rounded up to 1.5 Mbytes.

	 ·  Each  8-Kbyte mmap request "consumes" 64 Kbytes of virtual address
	    space.

       To obtain maximal address space usage for a 32-bit process:

	 ·  Combine 8-Kbyte requests up to a limit of 48 Kbytes.

	 ·  Combine amounts over 48 Kbytes into 496-Kbyte chunks.

	 ·  Combine amounts over 496 Kbytes into 4080-Kbyte chunks.

       To obtain maximal address space usage for a 64-bit process:

	 ·  Combine amounts < 1008 Kbytes into chunks <= 1008 Kbytes.

	 ·  Combine amounts over 1008 Kbytes into 4080-Kbyte chunks.

       The following is the output from a 32-bit program demonstrating this:

       map 8192 bytes: 0xff390000
       map 8192 bytes: 0xff380000

	   64-Kbyte delta between starting addresses.

       map 512 Kbytes: 0xff180000
       map 512 Kbytes: 0xff080000

	   1-Mbyte delta between starting addresses.

       map 496 Kbytes: 0xff000000
       map 496 Kbytes: 0xfef80000

	   512-Kbyte delta between starting addresses

       map 1 Mbyte: 0xfee00000
       map 1 Mbyte: 0xfec80000

	   1536-Kbyte delta between starting addresses

       map 1008 Kbytes: 0xfeb80000
       map 1008 Kbytes: 0xfea80000

	   1-Mbyte delta between starting addresses

       map 4 Mbytes: 0xfe400000
       map 4 Mbytes: 0xfdc00000

	   8-Mbyte delta between starting addresses

       map 4080 Kbytes: 0xfd800000
       map 4080 Kbytes: 0xfd400000

	   4-Mbyte delta between starting addresses

       The following is the output of the same program compiled	 as  a	64-bit
       application:

       map 8192 bytes: 0xffffffff7f000000
       map 8192 bytes: 0xffffffff7ef00000

	   1-Mbyte delta between starting addresses

       map 512 Kbytes: 0xffffffff7ee00000
       map 512 Kbytes: 0xffffffff7ed00000

	   1-Mbyte delta between starting addresses

       map 496 Kbytes: 0xffffffff7ec00000
       map 496 Kbytes: 0xffffffff7eb00000

	   1-Mbyte delta between starting addresses

       map 1 Mbyte: 0xffffffff7e900000
       map 1 Mbyte: 0xffffffff7e700000

	   2-Mbyte delta between starting addresses

       map 1008 Kbytes: 0xffffffff7e600000
       map 1008 Kbytes: 0xffffffff7e500000

	   1-Mbyte delta between starting addresses

       map 4 Mbytes: 0xffffffff7e000000
       map 4 Mbytes: 0xffffffff7d800000

	   8-Mbyte delta between starting addresses

       map 4080 Kbytes: 0xffffffff7d400000
       map 4080 Kbytes: 0xffffffff7d000000

	   4-Mbyte delta between starting addresses

RETURN VALUES
       Upon  successful completion, the mmap() function returns the address at
       which the mapping was placed (pa); otherwise, it	 returns  a  value  of
       MAP_FAILED  and sets errno to indicate the error. The symbol MAP_FAILED
       is defined in the header <sys/mman.h>. No successful return from mmap()
       will return the value MAP_FAILED.

       If  mmap()  fails for reasons other than EBADF, EINVAL or ENOTSUP, some
       of the mappings in the address range starting at	 addr  and  continuing
       for len bytes may have been unmapped.

ERRORS
       The mmap() function will fail if:

       EACCES	       The  fildes  file  descriptor  is  not  open  for read,
		       regardless of the protection specified;	or  fildes  is
		       not  open  for write and PROT_WRITE was specified for a
		       MAP_SHARED type mapping.

       EAGAIN	       The mapping could not be locked in memory.

		       There was insufficient room to reserve swap  space  for
		       the mapping.

       EBADF	       The  fildes  file  descriptor is not open (and MAP_ANON
		       was not specified).

       EINVAL	       The arguments addr (if MAP_FIXED was specified) or  off
		       are  not	 multiples  of	the  page  size as returned by
		       sysconf().

		       The argument addr (if MAP_ALIGN was specified) is not 0
		       or  some power of two multiple of page size as returned
		       by sysconf(3C).

		       MAP_FIXED and MAP_ALIGN are both specified.

		       The field in flags is invalid (neither  MAP_PRIVATE  or
		       MAP_SHARED is set).

		       The argument len has a value equal to 0.

		       MAP_ANON was specified, but the file descriptor was not
		       −1.

		       MAP_TEXT was specified but PROT_EXEC was not.

		       MAP_TEXT and MAP_INITDATA were both specified.

       EMFILE	       The number of mapped regions would exceed an  implemen‐
		       tation-dependent limit (per process or per system).

       ENODEV	       The  fildes  argument  refers  to  an  object for which
		       mmap() is meaningless, such as a terminal.

       ENOMEM	       The MAP_FIXED option was specified and the range [addr,
		       addr  + len) exceeds that allowed for the address space
		       of a process.

		       The MAP_FIXED option was not  specified	and  there  is
		       insufficient  room  in  the address space to effect the
		       mapping.

		       The mapping could not be locked in memory, if  required
		       by  mlockall(3C),  because  it would require more space
		       than the system is able to supply.

		       The composite size of len  plus	the  lengths  obtained
		       from  all  previous calls to mmap() exceeds RLIMIT_VMEM
		       (see  getrlimit(2)).

       ENOTSUP	       The system does not support the combination of accesses
		       requested in the prot argument.

       ENXIO	       Addresses in the range [off, off + len) are invalid for
		       the object specified by fildes.

		       The MAP_FIXED option was specified  in  flags  and  the
		       combination  of	addr,  len  and off is invalid for the
		       object specified by fildes.

       EOVERFLOW       The file is a regular file and the value	 of  off  plus
		       len  exceeds  the  offset maximum establish in the open
		       file description associated with fildes.

       The mmap() function may fail if:

       EAGAIN	       The file to be mapped is already locked using  advisory
		       or mandatory record locking. See fcntl(2).

USAGE
       Use of mmap() may reduce the amount of memory available to other memory
       allocation functions.

       MAP_ALIGN is useful to assure a properly aligned value of pa for subse‐
       quent  use with memcntl(2) and the MC_HAT_ADVISE command.  This is best
       used for large, long-lived, and heavily referenced  regions.  MAP_FIXED
       and MAP_ALIGN are always mutually-exclusive.

       Use  of	MAP_FIXED may result in unspecified behavior in further use of
       brk(2), sbrk(2), malloc(3C), and shmat(2). The use of MAP_FIXED is dis‐
       couraged,  as  it  may  prevent	an implementation from making the most
       effective use of resources.

       The application must ensure correct synchronization when	 using	mmap()
       in  conjunction	with any other file access method, such as read(2) and
       write(2), standard input/output, and shmat(2).

       The mmap() function has a transitional interface for 64-bit  file  off‐
       sets.  See lf64(5).

       The  mmap()  function  allows  access  to resources using address space
       manipulations instead of the read()/write() interface. Once a  file  is
       mapped,	all  a	process	 has to do to access it is use the data at the
       address to which the object was mapped.

       Consider the following pseudo-code:

       fildes = open(...)
       lseek(fildes, offset, whence)
       read(fildes, buf, len)
       /* use data in buf */

       The following is a rewrite using	 mmap():

       fildes = open(...)
       address = mmap((caddr_t) 0, len, (PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE),
		 MAP_PRIVATE, fildes, offset)
       /* use data at address */

ATTRIBUTES
       See attributes(5) for descriptions of the following attributes:

       ┌─────────────────────────────┬─────────────────────────────┐
       │      ATTRIBUTE TYPE	     │	    ATTRIBUTE VALUE	   │
       ├─────────────────────────────┼─────────────────────────────┤
       │Interface Stability	     │Standard			   │
       ├─────────────────────────────┼─────────────────────────────┤
       │MT-Level		     │Async-Signal-Safe		   │
       └─────────────────────────────┴─────────────────────────────┘

SEE ALSO
       close(2), exec(2), fcntl(2), fork(2), getrlimit(2),  memcntl(2),	 mpro‐
       tect(2),	  munmap(2),  shmat(2),	 lockf(3C),  mlockall(3C),  msync(3C),
       plock(3C), sysconf(3C), attributes(5), lf64(5), standards(5), null(7D),
       zero(7D)

SunOS 5.10			  7 Apr 2005			       mmap(2)
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