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MTREE(8)		  BSD System Manager's Manual		      MTREE(8)

NAME
     mtree — map a directory hierarchy

SYNOPSIS
     mtree [-CcDdeLlMPrSUuWx] [-i | -m] [-E tags] [-f spec] [-I tags]
	   [-K keywords] [-k keywords] [-N dbdir] [-p path] [-R keywords]
	   [-s seed] [-X exclude-file]

DESCRIPTION
     The mtree utility compares a file hierarchy against a specification, cre‐
     ates a specification for a file hierarchy, or modifies a specification.

     The default action, if not overridden by command line options, is to com‐
     pare the file hierarchy rooted in the current directory against a speci‐
     fication read from the standard input.  Messages are written to the stan‐
     dard output for any files whose characteristics do not match the specifi‐
     cation, or which are missing from either the file hierarchy or the speci‐
     fication.

     The options are as follows:

     -C			Convert a specification into a format that's easier to
			parse with various tools.  The input specification is
			read from standard input or from the file given by -f
			spec.  In the output, each file or directory is repre‐
			sented using a single line (which might be very long).
			The full path name (beginning with “./”) is always
			printed as the first field; -k, -K, and -R can be used
			to control which other keywords are printed; -E and -I
			can be used to control which files are printed; -S
			option can be used to sort the output.

     -c			Print a specification for the file hierarchy originat‐
			ing at the current working directory (or the directory
			provided by -p path) to the standard output.  The out‐
			put is in a style using relative path names.

     -D			As per -C, except that the path name is always printed
			as the last field instead of the first.

     -d			Ignore everything except directory type files.

     -E tags		Add the comma separated tags to the “exclusion” list.
			Non-directories with tags which are in the exclusion
			list are not printed with -C and -D.

     -e			Don't complain about files that are in the file hier‐
			archy, but not in the specification.

     -f spec		Read the specification from file, instead of from the
			standard input.

     -I tags		Add the comma separated tags to the “inclusion” list.
			Non-directories with tags which are in the inclusion
			list are printed with -C and -D.  If no inclusion list
			is provided, the default is to display all files.

     -i			If specified, set the schg and/or sappnd flags.

     -K keywords	Add the specified (whitespace or comma separated) key‐
			words to the current set of keywords.  If ‘all’ is
			specified, add all of the other keywords.

     -k keywords	Use the type keyword plus the specified (whitespace or
			comma separated) keywords instead of the current set
			of keywords.  If ‘all’ is specified, use all of the
			other keywords.	 If the type keyword is not desired,
			suppress it with -R type.

     -L			Follow all symbolic links in the file hierarchy.

     -l			Do “loose” permissions checks, in which more stringent
			permissions will match less stringent ones.  For exam‐
			ple, a file marked mode 0444 will pass a check for
			mode 0644.  “Loose” checks apply only to read, write
			and execute permissions -- in particular, if other
			bits like the sticky bit or suid/sgid bits are set
			either in the specification or the file, exact check‐
			ing will be performed.	This option may not be set at
			the same time as the -u or -U option.

     -M			Permit merging of specification entries with different
			types, with the last entry take precedence.

     -m			If the schg and/or sappnd flags are specified, reset
			these flags.  Note that this is only possible with
			securelevel less than 1 (i.e., in single user mode or
			while the system is running in insecure mode).	See
			init(8) for information on security levels.

     -N dbdir		Use the user database text file master.passwd and
			group database text file group from dbdir, rather than
			using the results from the system's getpwnam(3) and
			getgrnam(3) (and related) library calls.

     -P			Don't follow symbolic links in the file hierarchy,
			instead consider the symbolic link itself in any com‐
			parisons.  This is the default.

     -p path		Use the file hierarchy rooted in path, instead of the
			current directory.

     -R keywords	Remove the specified (whitespace or comma separated)
			keywords from the current set of keywords.  If ‘all’
			is specified, remove all of the other keywords.

     -r			Remove any files in the file hierarchy that are not
			described in the specification.

     -S			When reading a specification into an internal data
			structure, sort the entries.  Sorting will affect the
			order of the output produced by the -C or -D options,
			and will also affect the order in which missing
			entries are created or reported when a directory tree
			is checked against a specification.

			The sort order is the same as that used by the -c
			option, which is that entries within the same direc‐
			tory are sorted in the order used by strcmp(3), except
			that entries for subdirectories sort after other
			entries.  By default, if the -S option is not used,
			entries within the same directory are collected
			together (separated from entries for other directo‐
			ries), but not sorted.

     -s seed		Display a single checksum to the standard error output
			that represents all of the files for which the keyword
			cksum was specified.  The checksum is seeded with the
			specified value.

     -t			Modify the modified time of existing files, the device
			type of devices, and symbolic link targets, to match
			the specification.

     -U			Same as -u except that a mismatch is not considered to
			be an error if it was corrected.

     -u			Modify the owner, group, permissions, and flags of
			existing files, the device type of devices, and sym‐
			bolic link targets, to match the specification.	 Cre‐
			ate any missing directories, devices or symbolic
			links.	User, group, and permissions must all be spec‐
			ified for missing directories to be created.  Note
			that unless the -i option is given, the schg and
			sappnd flags will not be set, even if specified.  If
			-m is given, these flags will be reset.	 Exit with a
			status of 0 on success, 2 if the file hierarchy did
			not match the specification, and 1 if any other error
			occurred.

     -W			Don't attempt to set various file attributes such as
			the ownership, mode, flags, or time when creating new
			directories or changing existing entries.  This option
			will be most useful when used in conjunction with -u
			or -U.

     -X exclude-file	The specified file contains fnmatch(3) patterns match‐
			ing files to be excluded from the specification, one
			to a line.  If the pattern contains a ‘/’ character,
			it will be matched against entire pathnames (relative
			to the starting directory); otherwise, it will be
			matched against basenames only.	 Comments are permit‐
			ted in the exclude-list file.

     -x			Don't descend below mount points in the file hierar‐
			chy.

     Specifications are mostly composed of “keywords”, i.e. strings that that
     specify values relating to files.	No keywords have default values, and
     if a keyword has no value set, no checks based on it are performed.

     Currently supported keywords are as follows:

     cksum	     The checksum of the file using the default algorithm
		     specified by the cksum(1) utility.

     device	     The device number to use for block or char file types.
		     The argument must be one of the following forms:

		     format,major,minor
			   A device with major and minor fields, for an oper‐
			   ating system specified with format.	See below for
			   valid formats.

		     format,major,unit,subunit
			   A device with major, unit, and subunit fields, for
			   an operating system specified with format.  (Cur‐
			   rently this is only supported by the bsdos format.)

		     number
			   Opaque number (as stored on the file system).

		     The following values for format are recognized: native,
		     386bsd, 4bsd, bsdos, freebsd, hpux, isc, linux, netbsd,
		     osf1, sco, solaris, sunos, svr3, svr4, and ultrix.

		     See mknod(8) for more details.

     flags	     The file flags as a symbolic name.	 See chflags(1) for
		     information on these names.  If no flags are to be set
		     the string ‘none’ may be used to override the current
		     default.  Note that the schg and sappnd flags are treated
		     specially (see the -i and -m options).

     ignore	     Ignore any file hierarchy below this file.

     gid	     The file group as a numeric value.

     gname	     The file group as a symbolic name.

     link	     The file the symbolic link is expected to reference.

     md5	     The MD5 cryptographic message digest of the file.

     md5digest	     Synonym for md5.

     mode	     The current file's permissions as a numeric (octal) or
		     symbolic value.

     nlink	     The number of hard links the file is expected to have.

     optional	     The file is optional; don't complain about the file if
		     it's not in the file hierarchy.

     rmd160	     The RMD-160 cryptographic message digest of the file.

     rmd160digest    Synonym for rmd160.

     sha1	     The SHA-1 cryptographic message digest of the file.

     sha1digest	     Synonym for sha1.

     sha256	     The 256-bits SHA-2 cryptographic message digest of the
		     file.

     sha256digest    Synonym for sha256.

     sha384	     The 384-bits SHA-2 cryptographic message digest of the
		     file.

     sha384digest    Synonym for sha384.

     sha512	     The 512-bits SHA-2 cryptographic message digest of the
		     file.

     sha512digest    Synonym for sha512.

     size	     The size, in bytes, of the file.

     tags	     Comma delimited tags to be matched with -E and -I.	 These
		     may be specified without leading or trailing commas, but
		     will be stored internally with them.

     time	     The last modification time of the file.

     type	     The type of the file; may be set to any one of the fol‐
		     lowing:

		     block   block special device
		     char    character special device
		     dir     directory
		     fifo    fifo
		     file    regular file
		     link    symbolic link
		     socket  socket

     uid	     The file owner as a numeric value.

     uname	     The file owner as a symbolic name.

     The default set of keywords are flags, gid, link, mode, nlink, size,
     time, type, and uid.

     There are four types of lines in a specification:

     1.	  Set global values for a keyword.  This consists of the string ‘/set’
	  followed by whitespace, followed by sets of keyword/value pairs,
	  separated by whitespace.  Keyword/value pairs consist of a keyword,
	  followed by an equals sign (‘=’), followed by a value, without
	  whitespace characters.  Once a keyword has been set, its value
	  remains unchanged until either reset or unset.

     2.	  Unset global values for a keyword.  This consists of the string
	  ‘/unset’, followed by whitespace, followed by one or more keywords,
	  separated by whitespace.  If ‘all’ is specified, unset all of the
	  keywords.

     3.	  A file specification, consisting of a path name, followed by white‐
	  space, followed by zero or more whitespace separated keyword/value
	  pairs.

	  The path name may be preceded by whitespace characters.  The path
	  name may contain any of the standard path name matching characters
	  (‘[’, ‘]’, ‘?’ or ‘*’), in which case files in the hierarchy will be
	  associated with the first pattern that they match.  mtree uses
	  strsvis(3) (in VIS_CSTYLE format) to encode path names containing
	  non-printable characters.  Whitespace characters are encoded as ‘\s’
	  (space), ‘\t’ (tab), and ‘\n’ (new line).  ‘#’ characters in path
	  names are escaped by a preceding backslash ‘\’ to distinguish them
	  from comments.

	  Each of the keyword/value pairs consist of a keyword, followed by an
	  equals sign (‘=’), followed by the keyword's value, without white‐
	  space characters.  These values override, without changing, the
	  global value of the corresponding keyword.

	  The first path name entry listed must be a directory named ‘.’, as
	  this ensures that intermixing full and relative path names will work
	  consistently and correctly.  Multiple entries for a directory named
	  ‘.’ are permitted; the settings for the last such entry override
	  those of the existing entry.

	  A path name that contains a slash (‘/’) that is not the first char‐
	  acter will be treated as a full path (relative to the root of the
	  tree).  All parent directories referenced in the path name must
	  exist.  The current directory path used by relative path names will
	  be updated appropriately.  Multiple entries for the same full path
	  are permitted if the types are the same (unless -M is given, and
	  then the types may differ); in this case the settings for the last
	  entry take precedence.

	  A path name that does not contain a slash will be treated as a rela‐
	  tive path.  Specifying a directory will cause subsequent files to be
	  searched for in that directory hierarchy.

     4.	  A line containing only the string ‘..’ which causes the current
	  directory path (used by relative paths) to ascend one level.

     Empty lines and lines whose first non-whitespace character is a hash mark
     (‘#’) are ignored.

     The mtree utility exits with a status of 0 on success, 1 if any error
     occurred, and 2 if the file hierarchy did not match the specification.

FILES
     /etc/mtree	 system specification directory

EXAMPLES
     To detect system binaries that have been “trojan horsed”, it is recom‐
     mended that mtree be run on the file systems, and a copy of the results
     stored on a different machine, or, at least, in encrypted form.  The seed
     for the -s option should not be an obvious value and the final checksum
     should not be stored on-line under any circumstances!  Then, periodi‐
     cally, mtree should be run against the on-line specifications and the
     final checksum compared with the previous value.  While it is possible
     for the bad guys to change the on-line specifications to conform to their
     modified binaries, it shouldn't be possible for them to make it produce
     the same final checksum value.  If the final checksum value changes, the
     off-line copies of the specification can be used to detect which of the
     binaries have actually been modified.

     The -d and -u options can be used in combination to create directory
     hierarchies for distributions and other such things.

SEE ALSO
     chflags(1), chgrp(1), chmod(1), cksum(1), stat(2), fnmatch(3), fts(3),
     strsvis(3), chown(8), mknod(8)

HISTORY
     The mtree utility appeared in 4.3BSD-Reno.	 The optional keyword appeared
     in NetBSD 1.2.  The -U option appeared in NetBSD 1.3.  The flags and md5
     keywords, and -i and -m options appeared in NetBSD 1.4.  The device,
     rmd160, sha1, tags, and all keywords, -D, -E, -I, -l, -L, -N, -P, -R, -W,
     and -X options, and support for full paths appeared in NetBSD 1.6.	 The
     sha256, sha384, and sha512 keywords appeared in NetBSD 3.0.  The -S
     option appeared in NetBSD 6.0.

BSD			       January 20, 2010				   BSD
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