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READCD(1)		    Schily´s USER COMMANDS		     READCD(1)

NAME
       readcd - read or write data Compact Discs or related madia

SYNOPSIS
       readcd [ dev=device ][ options ]

DESCRIPTION
       Readcd is used to read or write Compact Discs.

   Device naming
       Most  users do not need to care about device naming at all.  If no dev=
       option  was  specified,	readcd	implements  auto  target  support  and
       automagically  finds  the  drive	 in  case that exactly one CD-ROM type
       drive is available in the system.  In case that more  than  one	CD-ROM
       type drive exists on the system, a list of possible device name parame‐
       ters may be retrieved with readcd -scanbus or from the  target  example
       from  the output of readcd dev=help, then the dev= parameter may be set
       based on the device listing.

       The device parameter to the dev= option explained below refers to scsi‐
       bus/target/lun	 of    the    CD/DVD/BluRay-Recorder.	 If   a	  file
       /etc/default/cdrecord exists, the parameter to the dev= option may also
       be a drive name label in said file (see FILES section).

OPTIONS
       If  no  options except the dev= option have been specified, readcd goes
       into interactive mode.  Select a primary function and then  follow  the
       instructions.

   Informative options
       -help  display version information for readcd on standard output.

       -version
	      Print version information and exit.

       -v     Increment	 the  level of general verbosity by one.  This is used
	      e.g. to display the progress of the process.

   Readcd functional options
       -clone Do a clone read. Read the CD with all  sub-channel  data	and  a
	      full  TOC.  The full TOC data will be put into a file with simi‐
	      lar name as with the f= option but the suffix .toc added.

	      Note that reading in clone mode results in having no error  cor‐
	      rection  at  sub-channel	level.	Even in the main data channel,
	      there is less error correction than with other read modes.  This
	      results  in  a slightly quality degradation. Avoid copying audio
	      CDs in clone mode for this reason.

       -c2scan
	      Scans the whole CD or the range specified by  the	 sectors=range
	      for C2 errors. C2 errors are errors that are uncorrectable after
	      the second stage of the 24/28 + 28/32  Reed  Solomon  correction
	      system  at  audio level (2352 bytes sector size). If an audio CD
	      has C2 errors, interpolation is needed to hide the errors. If  a
	      data  CD has C2 errors, these errors are in most cases corrected
	      by the ECC/EDC code that makes  2352  bytes  out	of  2048  data
	      bytes.  The  ECC/EDC code should be able to correct about 100 C2
	      error bytes per sector.

	      If you find C2 errors you may want to reduce the speed using the
	      speed=  option as C2 errors may be a result of dynamic unbalance
	      on the medium.

       -cxscan
	      Scans the whole CD or the range specified by  the	 sectors=range
	      for  C1/C2/CU  errors.   In  non-verbose mode, only a summary is
	      printed.	With -v, a line for each  non  error  free  second  is
	      printed.	 with  -vv,  a	line for each second is printed.  This
	      scan method only works for a few drives.

       -edc-corr
	      In this mode, readcd reads CD data sectors in uncorrected	 audio
	      mode  and	 then  tries  to  correct  the	data using the ECC/EDC
	      decoder library from Heiko Eissfeldt. As this library implements
	      looping  over two layers of error correction, readcd may be able
	      to correct more data than the firmware of the CD-ROM drive.

	      This option is currently experimental and only  applicable  with
	      CD media and currently only supports plain 2048 Byte CD-ROM sec‐
	      tors.

       f=file Specify the filename where the output should be written  or  the
	      input  should  be	 taken	from. Using '-' as filename will cause
	      readcd to use stdout resp. stdin.

       -factor
	      Output the speed values for meshpoints=# as factor based on sin‐
	      gle  speed  of the current medium.  This only works if readcd is
	      able to determine the current medium type.

       -fulltoc
	      Retrieve a full TOC from the current disk and print it in hex.

       meshpoints=#
	      Print read-speed at # locations.	The purpose of this option  is
	      to  create  a  list of read speed values suitable for e.g.  gnu‐
	      plot.  The speed values are calculated assuming that 1000	 bytes
	      are one kilobyte as documented in the SCSI standard.  The output
	      data created for this purpose is written to stdout.

       -nocorr
	      Switch the drive into a mode where it  ignores  read  errors  in
	      data  sectors  that are a result of uncorrectable ECC/EDC errors
	      before reading.  If readcd completes, the error recovery mode of
	      the drive is switched back to the remembered old mode.

       -noerror
	      Do not abort if the high level error checking in readcd found an
	      uncorrectable error in the data stream.

       -notrunc
	      Do not truncate the output file when opening it.

       -overhead
	      Meter the SCSI command overhead time.  This is done by executing
	      several commands 1000 times and printing the total time used. If
	      you divide the displayed times by	 1000,	you  get  the  average
	      overhead time for a single command.

       -pi8scan
	      Scans  the whole DVD or the range specified by the sectors=range
	      for pisum8 errors.  In  non-verbose  mode,  only	a  summary  is
	      printed.	 With  -v, a line for each non error free block of 8 *
	      32 kB is printed.	 with -vv, a line for each block of 8 * 32  kB
	      is printed.  This scan method only works for a few drives.

       -pifscan
	      Scans  the whole DVD or the range specified by the sectors=range
	      for pif errors.  In non-verbose mode, only a summary is printed.
	      With  -v,	 a  line  for  each  non  error free block of 32 kB is
	      printed.	with -vv, a line for each block of 32 kB  is  printed.
	      This scan method only works for a few drives.

       -plot  This  option  modified  the  behavior  for -cxscan, -pi8scan and
	      -pifscan.	 The output is better suited for gnuplot.

       retries=#
	      Set the retry count for high level retries in readcd to #.   The
	      default  is  to do 128 retries which may be too much if you like
	      to read a CD with many unreadable sectors.

       sectors=range
	      Specify a sector range that should be read.  The range is speci‐
	      fied  by the starting sector number, a minus sign and the ending
	      sector number.  The end sector is not included in the  list,  so
	      sectors=0-0  will not read anything and may be used to check for
	      a CD in the drive.

       speed=#
	      Set the speed factor of the read or write process to #.  # is an
	      integer,	representing  a	 multiple of the audio speed.  This is
	      about 150 KB/s for CD-ROM and about 172 KB/s for	CD-Audio.   If
	      no speed option is present, readcd will use maximum speed.  Only
	      MMC compliant drives will benefit from this option.   The	 speed
	      of non MMC drives is not changed.

	      Using a lower speed may increase the readability of a CD or DVD.

       -w     Switch  to  write	 mode.	 Writing  is  only possible to DVD-RAM
	      media.  For  other  media,  use  cdrecord	 instead.   Note  that
	      cdrecord also supports to write DVD-RAM media.

	      If  this	option is not present, readcd reads from the specified
	      device.

   SCSI options
       dev=target
	      Set the SCSI target for the  CD/DVD/BluRay-Recorder,  see	 notes
	      above.  A typical target device specification is dev=1,6,0 .  If
	      a filename must be provided together with the  numerical	target
	      specification,  the  filename  is	 implementation specific.  The
	      correct filename in this case can be found in  the  system  spe‐
	      cific manuals of the target operating system.  On a FreeBSD sys‐
	      tem without CAM support, you need	 to  use  the  control	device
	      (e.g.   /dev/rcd0.ctl).	A correct device specification in this
	      case may be dev=/dev/rcd0.ctl:@ .

	    General SCSI addressing
	      The target device to the	dev=  option  refers  to  scsibus/tar‐
	      get/lun of the CD/DVD/BluRay-Recorder. Communication on SunOS is
	      done with the SCSI general driver scg.  Other operating  systems
	      are  using a library simulation of this driver.  Possible syntax
	      is: dev= scsibus,target,lun or dev= target,lun.  In  the	latter
	      case,  the  CD/DVD/BluRay-Recorder  has  to  be connected to the
	      default SCSI bus of the machine.	Scsibus, target	 and  lun  are
	      integer  numbers.	  Some	operating  systems  or	SCSI transport
	      implementations may require to specify a filename	 in  addition.
	      In  this case the correct syntax for the device is: dev= device‐
	      name:scsibus,target,lun or dev= devicename:target,lun.   If  the
	      name of the device node that has been specified on such a system
	      refers to exactly one SCSI device, a shorthand in the form  dev=
	      devicename:@  or	dev=  devicename:@,lun	may be used instead of
	      dev= devicename:scsibus,target,lun.

	    Remote SCSI addressing
	      To access remote SCSI devices, you  need	to  prepend  the  SCSI
	      device  name  by	a  remote  device indicator. The remote device
	      indicator is either REMOTE:user@host: or	REMOTE:host:  A	 valid
	      remote  SCSI  device  name  may  be:  REMOTE:user@host: to allow
	      remote SCSI bus scanning or REMOTE:user@host:1,0,0 to access the
	      SCSI  device  at host connected to SCSI bus # 1,target 0, lun 0.
	      In order to allow remote access to a specific host, the rscsi(1)
	      program needs to be present and configured on the host.

	    Alternate SCSI transports
	      Cdrecord	is  completely	based  on SCSI commands but this is no
	      problem as all CD/DVD/BluRay writers ever made use SCSI commands
	      for  the	communication.	Even ATAPI drives are just SCSI drives
	      that inherently use the ATA packet  interface  as	 SCSI  command
	      transport	 layer	build  into  the IDE (ATA) transport.  You may
	      need to specify an alternate  transport  layer  on  the  command
	      line  if	your  OS  does not implement a fully integrated kernel
	      driver subsystem that allows to access any drive using SCSI com‐
	      mands via a single unique user interface.

	      To  access SCSI devices via alternate transport layers, you need
	      to prepend the SCSI device name by a transport layer  indicator.
	      The  transport  layer  indicator may be something like USCSI: or
	      ATAPI:.  To get a list of supported transport  layers  for  your
	      platform, use dev= HELP:

	    Portability Background
	      To  make	readcd portable to all UNIX platforms, the syntax dev=
	      devicename:scsibus,target,lun is preferred as it hides  OS  spe‐
	      cific knowledge about device names from the user.	 A specific OS
	      may not necessarily support a way to specify a real device  file
	      name nor a way to specify scsibus,target,lun.

	      Scsibus 0 is the default SCSI bus on the machine. Watch the boot
	      messages for more information or look into /var/adm/messages for
	      more  information	 about the SCSI configuration of your machine.
	      If you have problems to figure out what values for  scsibus,tar‐
	      get,lun  should  be  used,  try  the  -scanbus  option of readcd
	      described below.

	    Using logical names for devices
	      If no dev option is present, readcd will try to get  the	device
	      from the CDR_DEVICE environment.

	      If  a  file /etc/default/cdrecord exists, and if the argument to
	      the dev= option or the CDR_DEVICE environment does  not  contain
	      the  characters  ',',  '/',  '@'	or ':', it is interpreted as a
	      device   label   name   that   was   defined   in	   the	  file
	      /etc/default/cdrecord (see FILES section).

	    Autotarget Mode
	      If  no  dev= option and no CDR_DEVICE environment is present, or
	      if it only contains a transport specifyer but no	address	 nota‐
	      tion,  readcd  tries  to	scan the SCSI address space for CD-ROM
	      drives.  If exactly one is found, this is used by default.

       debug=#, -d
	      Set the misc debug value to # (with debug=#)  or	increment  the
	      misc  debug  level  by  one  (with -d). If you specify -dd, this
	      equals to debug=2.  This may help to find problems while opening
	      a	 driver	 for  libscg.  as well as with sector sizes and sector
	      types.  Using -debug slows down the process and may be the  rea‐
	      son for a buffer underrun.

       kdebug=#, kd=#
	      Tell  the scg-driver to modify the kernel debug value while SCSI
	      commands are running.

       -scanbus
	      Scan all SCSI devices on all SCSI busses and print  the  inquiry
	      strings.	This  option  may  be used to find SCSI address of the
	      devices on a system.  The numbers printed out as labels are com‐
	      puted by: bus * 100 + target

       -silent, -s
	      Do not print out a status report for failed SCSI commands.

       timeout=#
	      Set  the	default	 SCSI command timeout value to # seconds.  The
	      default SCSI command timeout is the  minimum  timeout  used  for
	      sending  SCSI  commands.	If a SCSI command fails due to a time‐
	      out, you may try to raise the default SCSI command timeout above
	      the  timeout  value  of the failed command.  If the command runs
	      correctly with a raised command timeout, please report the  bet‐
	      ter timeout value and the corresponding command to the author of
	      the program.  If no timeout option is present, a default timeout
	      of 40 seconds is used.

       ts=#   Set  the	maximum	 transfer size for a single SCSI command to #.
	      The syntax for the ts= option is the same as for	cdrecord  fs=#
	      or sdd bs=#.

	      If no ts= option has been specified, readcd defaults to a trans‐
	      fer size of 256 kB. If libscg gets lower values from the operat‐
	      ing  system,  the	 value is reduced to the maximum value that is
	      possible with the current operating system.  Sometimes,  it  may
	      help  to	further reduce the transfer size or to enhance it, but
	      note that it may take a long time to  find  a  better  value  by
	      experimenting with the ts= option.

       -V     Increment	 the verbose level with respect of SCSI command trans‐
	      port by one.  This helps to debug problems during	 the  process,
	      that  occur  in  the  CD-Recorder.   If you get incomprehensible
	      error messages you should use this flag  to  get	more  detailed
	      output.	-VV  will show data buffer content in addition.	 Using
	      -V or -VV slows down the process.

EXAMPLES
       For all examples below, it will be assumed that the drive is  connected
       to the primary SCSI bus of the machine. The SCSI target id is set to 2.

       To  read	 the complete media from a CD-ROM writing the data to the file
       cdimage.raw:

	   readcd dev=2,0 f=cdimage.raw

       To read sectors from range 150 ... 10000 from a CD-ROM writing the data
       to the file cdimage.raw:

	   readcd dev=2,0 sectors=150-10000 f=cdimage.raw

       To  write  the  data from the file cdimage.raw (e.g. a filesystem image
       from mkisofs) to a DVD-RAM, call:

	   readcd dev=2,0 -w f=cdimage.raw

ENVIRONMENT
       RSH    If the RSH environment is present, the  remote  connection  will
	      not be created via rcmd(3) but by calling the program pointed to
	      by RSH.  Use e.g.	 RSH=/usr/bin/ssh to  create  a	 secure	 shell
	      connection.

	      Note  that  this	forces cdrecord to create a pipe to the rsh(1)
	      program and disallows cdrecord to directly  access  the  network
	      socket to the remote server.  This makes it impossible to set up
	      performance parameters and slows down the connection compared to
	      a root initiated rcmd(3) connection.

       RSCSI  If the RSCSI environment is present, the remote SCSI server will
	      not  be  the  program  /opt/schily/sbin/rscsi  but  the  program
	      pointed  to  by RSCSI.  Note that the remote SCSI server program
	      name will be ignored if you log in using	an  account  that  has
	      been created with a remote SCSI server program as login shell.

FILES
SEE ALSO
       cdrecord(1), mkisofs(1), scg(7), fbk(7), rcmd(3), ssh(1).

NOTES
       If  you don't want to allow users to become root on your system, readcd
       may safely be installed suid root. This allows all users or a group  of
       users  with no root privileges to use readcd.  Readcd in this case will
       only allow access to CD-ROM type drives- To give all user access to use
       readcd, enter:

	    chown root /usr/local/bin/readcd
	    chmod 4711 /usr/local/bin/readcd

       To give a restricted group of users access to readcd enter:

	    chown root /usr/local/bin/readcd
	    chgrp cdburners /usr/local/bin/readcd
	    chmod 4710 /usr/local/bin/readcd

       and add a group cdburners on your system.

       Never  give  write  permissions	for  non  root	users to the /dev/scg?
       devices unless you would allow anybody to  read/write/format  all  your
       disks.

       You should not connect old drives that do not support disconnect/recon‐
       nect to either the SCSI bus that is connected to the CD-Recorder or the
       source disk.

       When  using readcd with the Linux SCSI generic driver.  You should note
       that readcd uses a layer, that tries to emulate	the  functionality  of
       the  scg	 driver	 on  top  of the drives of the local operating system.
       Unfortunately, the sg driver on Linux has several flaws:

       ·      It cannot see if a SCSI command could not be sent at all.

       ·      It cannot get the SCSI status byte.  Readcd for that reason can‐
	      not report failing SCSI commands in some situations.

       ·      It  cannot  get  real DMA count of transfer.  Readcd cannot tell
	      you if there is an DMA residual count.

       ·      It cannot get number of bytes valid in auto sense data.	Readcd
	      cannot tell you if device transfers no sense data at all.

       ·      It  fetches to few data in auto request sense (CCS/SCSI-2/SCSI-3
	      needs >= 18).

DIAGNOSTICS
       A typical error message for a SCSI command looks like:

	      readcd: I/O error. test unit ready: scsi sendcmd: no error
	      CDB:  00 20 00 00 00 00
	      status: 0x2 (CHECK CONDITION)
	      Sense Bytes: 70 00 05 00 00 00 00 0A 00 00 00 00 25 00 00 00 00 00
	      Sense Key: 0x5 Illegal Request, Segment 0
	      Sense Code: 0x25 Qual 0x00 (logical unit not supported) Fru 0x0
	      Sense flags: Blk 0 (not valid)
	      cmd finished after 0.002s timeout 40s

       The first line gives information about the transport  of	 the  command.
       The text after the first colon gives the error text for the system call
       from the view of the kernel. It usually	is:  I/O  error	 unless	 other
       problems	 happen.  The  next  words contain a short description for the
       SCSI command that fails. The rest of the line tells you if  there  were
       any problems for the transport of the command over the SCSI bus.	 fatal
       error means that it was not possible to transport the command (i.e.  no
       device present at the requested SCSI address).

       The second line prints the SCSI command descriptor block for the failed
       command.

       The third line gives information on the SCSI status  code  returned  by
       the  command,  if the transport of the command succeeds.	 This is error
       information from the SCSI device.

       The fourth line is a hex dump of the auto request sense information for
       the command.

       The  fifth  line is the error text for the sense key if available, fol‐
       lowed by the segment number that is only valid if  the  command	was  a
       copy  command. If the error message is not directly related to the cur‐
       rent command, the text deferred error is appended.

       The sixth line is the error text for the sense code and the sense qual‐
       ifier if available.  If the type of the device is known, the sense data
       is decoded from tables in scsierrs.c .  The text	 is  followed  by  the
       error value for a field replaceable unit.

       The  seventh line prints the block number that is related to the failed
       command and text for several error flags. The block number may  not  be
       valid.

       The eight line reports the timeout set up for this command and the time
       that the command really needed to complete.

BUGS
CREDITS
MAILING LISTS
       If you want to actively take part on the development of	cdrecord,  you
       may join the developer mailing list via this URL:

       http://lists.berlios.de/mailman/listinfo/cdrecord-developers

AUTHOR
       Joerg Schilling
       Seestr. 110
       D-13353 Berlin
       Germany

       Additional information can be found on:
       http://cdrecord.berlios.de/private/cdrecord.html

       If you have support questions, send them to:

       cdrecord-support@berlios.de

       If you have definitely found a bug, send a mail to:

       cdrecord-developers@berlios.de
       or joerg.schilling@fokus.fraunhofer.de

       To subscribe, use:

       http://lists.berlios.de/mailman/listinfo/cdrecord-developers
       or http://lists.berlios.de/mailman/listinfo/cdrecord-support

INTERFACE STABILITY
       The interfaces provided by readcd are designed for long term stability.
       As readcd depends on interfaces provided by  the	 underlying  operating
       system,	the  stability	of the interfaces offered by readcd depends on
       the interface stability of the OS interfaces.  Modified	interfaces  in
       the OS may enforce modified interfaces in readcd.

Joerg Schilling			  Version 3.0			     READCD(1)
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