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newfs(1M)		System Administration Commands		     newfs(1M)

NAME
       newfs - construct a UFS file system

SYNOPSIS
       newfs [-NSBTv] [mkfs-options] raw-device

DESCRIPTION
       newfs  is a "friendly" front-end to the mkfs(1M) program for making UFS
       file systems on	disk  partitions.  newfs  calculates  the  appropriate
       parameters to use and calls mkfs.

       If  run interactively (that is, standard input is a tty), newfs prompts
       for confirmation before making the file system.

       If the -N option is not specified and the inodes of the device are  not
       randomized, newfs calls fsirand(1M).

       You must be super-user or have appropriate write privileges to use this
       command, except when creating a UFS file	 system	 on  a	diskette.  See
       EXAMPLES.

   Creating a Multiterabyte UFS File System
       Keep  the  following  limitations in mind when creating a multiterabyte
       UFS file system:

	 ·  nbpi is set to 1 Mbyte unless you specifically set it higher.  You
	    cannot  set	 nbpi  lower  than 1 Mbyte on a multiterabyte UFS file
	    system.

	 ·  fragsize is set equal to bsize.

OPTIONS
       The following options are supported:

       -N	       Print out the file system parameters that would be used
		       to create the file system without actually creating the
		       file system. fsirand(1M) is not called here.

       -S	       Sends  to  stdout  a  human-readable  version  of   the
		       superblock  that	 would	be used to create a filesystem
		       with the specified configuration parameters.

       -B	       Sends to stdout a binary (machine-readable) version  of
		       the  superblock that would be used to create a filesys‐
		       tem with the specified configuration parameters.

       -T	       Set the parameters of the file system to allow eventual
		       growth  to  over	 a terabyte in total file system size.
		       This option sets fragsize to be the same as bsize,  and
		       sets  nbpi  to 1 Mbyte, unless the -i option is used to
		       make it even larger. If you use the -f or -i options to
		       specify	a  fragsize  or nbpi that is incompatible with
		       this option, the user-supplied  value  of  fragsize  or
		       nbpi is ignored.

       -v	       Verbose.	 newfs	prints	out its actions, including the
		       parameters passed to mkfs.

       mkfs-options    Options that override the default parameters are:

		       -a apc

			   The number of alternate  sectors  per  cylinder  to
			   reserve  for bad block replacement for SCSI devices
			   only. The default is 0.

			   This option is not applicable for  disks  with  EFI
			   labels and is ignored.

		       -b bsize

			   The logical block size of the file system in bytes,
			   either 4096 or 8192. The default is 8192. The sun4u
			   architecture does not support the 4096 block size.

		       -c cgsize

			   The number of cylinders per cylinder group, ranging
			   from 16 to 256. The default is calculated by divid‐
			   ing the number of sectors in the file system by the
			   number of sectors in a gigabyte. Then,  the	result
			   is  multiplied  by  32. The default value is always
			   between 16 and 256.

			   mkfs can override this value. See mkfs_ufs(1M)  for
			   details.

			   This	 option	 is  not applicable for disks with EFI
			   labels and is ignored.

		       -C maxcontig

			   The maximum number of logical blocks, belonging  to
			   one	file,  that  are  allocated  contiguously. The
			   default is calculated as follows:

			   maxcontig = disk drive maximum transfer size / disk block size

			   If the disk drive's maximum transfer size cannot be
			   determined, the default value for maxcontig is cal‐
			   culated from kernel parameters as follows:

			   If maxphys is less than  ufs_maxmaxphys,  which  is
			   typically  1	 Mbyte,	 then maxcontig is set to max‐
			   phys. Otherwise, maxcontig is  set  to  ufs_maxmax‐
			   phys.

			   You	can  set  maxcontig  to	 any  positive integer
			   value.

			   The actual value will be the	 lesser	 of  what  has
			   been specified and what the hardware supports.

			   You can subsequently change this parameter by using
			   tunefs(1M).

		       -d gap

			   Rotational delay. This option is  obsolete  in  the
			   Solaris  10	release. The value is always set to 0,
			   regardless of the input value.

		       -f fragsize

			   The smallest amount of disk space in bytes that can
			   be allocated to a file. fragsize must be a power of
			   2 divisor of bsize, where:

			   bsize / fragsize is 1, 2, 4, or 8.

			   This means that if the logical block size is	 4096,
			   legal  values for fragsize are 512, 1024, 2048, and
			   4096. When the logical block size  is  8192,	 legal
			   values  are 1024, 2048, 4096, and 8192. The default
			   value is 1024.

			   For file systems greater than  1  terabyte  or  for
			   file	 systems  created with the -T option, fragsize
			   is forced to match block size (bsize).

		       -i nbpi

			   The number of bytes per inode, which specifies  the
			   density of inodes in the file system. The number is
			   divided into the total size of the file  system  to
			   determine the number of inodes to create.

			   This value should reflect the expected average size
			   of files in the file system. If  fewer  inodes  are
			   desired,  a larger number should be used. To create
			   more inodes, a smaller number should be given.  The
			   default for nbpi is as follows:

			   Disk size		     Density

			   Less than 1GB	     2048
			   Less than 2GB	     4096
			   Less than 3GB	     6144
			   3GB to 1 Tbyte	     8192
			   Greater than 1 Tbyte
			      or created with -T     1048576

			   The	number of inodes can increase if the file sys‐
			   tem is expanded with the growfs command.

		       -m free

			   The minimum percentage of free space to maintain in
			   the	file  system, between 0% and 99%, inclusively.
			   This space is off-limits to users.  Once  the  file
			   system is filled to this threshold, only the super-
			   user can continue writing to the file system.

			   The default is ((64 Mbytes/partition size) *	 100),
			   rounded  down  to  the  nearest integer and limited
			   between 1% and 10%, inclusively.

			   This parameter can be  subsequently	changed	 using
			   the tunefs(1M) command.

		       -n nrpos

			   The	number	of  different  rotational positions in
			   which to divide a cylinder group. The default is 8.

			   This option is not applicable for  disks  with  EFI
			   labels and is ignored.

		       -o space|time

			   The	file system can either be instructed to try to
			   minimize the time spent allocating  blocks,	or  to
			   try	to  minimize  the  space  fragmentation on the
			   disk. The default is time.

			   This parameter can subsequently be changed with the
			   tunefs(1M) command.

		       -r rpm

			   The rotational speed of the disk in revolutions per
			   minute. The default is driver- or device-specific.

			   Note that you specify rpm for  newfs	 and  rps  for
			   mkfs.

			   This	 option	 is  not applicable for disks with EFI
			   labels and is ignored.

		       -s size

			   The size of the file system in sectors. The default
			   is to use the entire partition.

		       -t ntrack

			   The	number of tracks per cylinder on the disk. The
			   default is taken from the disk label.

			   This option is not applicable for  disks  with  EFI
			   labels and is ignored.

OPERANDS
       The following operands are supported:

       raw-device      The  name  of a raw special device residing in the /dev
		       directory (for example, /dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s6) on which to
		       create the file system.

USAGE
       See  largefile(5)  for  the  description	 of the behavior of newfs when
       encountering files greater than or equal to 2 Gbyte ( 2**31 bytes).

EXAMPLES
       Example 1: Displaying the Parameters for the Raw Special Device

       The following example verbosely displays the  parameters	 for  the  raw
       special	device,	 c0t0d0s6. It does not actually create a new file sys‐
       tem:

       example# newfs -Nv /dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s6
       mkfs -F ufs -o N /dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s6 1112940 54 15 8192 1024 16 10 60
       2048 t 0 −1 8 /dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s6: 1112940 sectors in
       1374 cylinders of 15 tracks, 54 sectors 569.8MB in 86 cyl
       groups (16 c/g, 6.64MB/g, 3072 i/g) super-block backups
       (for fsck -b #) at:
       32, 13056, 26080, 39104, 52128, 65152, 78176, 91200, 104224, ...

       Example 2: Creating a UFS File System

       The following example creates a UFS file system on a diskette  that  is
       managed by Volume Manager.

       example% newfs /vol/dev/aliases/floppy0
       newfs: construct a new file system /vol/dev/aliases/floppy0: (y/n)? y
       /vol/dev/aliases/floppy0: 2880 sectors in 80 cylinders of 2 tracks,
       18 sectors 1.4MB in 5 cyl groups (16 c/g, 0.28MB/g, 128 i/g)
       super-block backups (for fsck -F ufs -o b=#) at:
       32, 640, 1184, 1792, 2336, ...

       Example	3: Creating a UFS File System That Will Eventually Be Grown to
       a Multiterabyte UFS File System

       The following example creates a UFS file system that will eventually be
       grown to a multiterabyte UFS file system.

       This   command	creates	  a  800-Gbyte	file  system  on  the  volume,
       /dev/md/rdsk/d99.

       # newfs -T /dev/md/rdsk/d99
       newfs: construct a new file system /dev/md/rdsk/d99: (y/n)? y
	  /dev/md/rdsk/d99: 1677754368 sectors in 45512 cylinders of
	  144 tracks, 256 sectors
	  819216.0MB in 1821 cyl groups (25 c/g, 450.00MB/g, 448 i/g) ...

       Then, if you increase the volume size for this file system, you can use
       the  growfs command to expand the file system. The file system is grown
       to 1.2 terabytes in this example:

       # growfs -v /dev/md/rdsk/d99
       /usr/lib/fs/ufs/mkfs -G /dev/md/rdsk/d99 2516631552 /dev/md/rdsk/d99:
	  2516631552 sectors in 68268 cylinders of 144 tracks, 256  sectors
	  1228824.0MB in 2731 cyl groups (25 c/g, 450.00MB/g, 448 i/g)...

EXIT STATUS
       The following exit values are returned:

       0	The operation was successful.

       1, 10	Usage error or internal error. A message is output  to	STDERR
		explaining the error.

       Other  exit  values  may	 be  returned  by mkfs(1M), which is called by
       newfs.

ATTRIBUTES
       See attributes(5) for descriptions of the following attributes:

       ┌─────────────────────────────┬─────────────────────────────┐
       │      ATTRIBUTE TYPE	     │	    ATTRIBUTE VALUE	   │
       ├─────────────────────────────┼─────────────────────────────┤
       │Availability		     │SUNWcsu			   │
       └─────────────────────────────┴─────────────────────────────┘

SEE ALSO
       fsck(1M),   fsck_ufs(1M),    fsirand(1M),    mkfs(1M),	 mkfs_ufs(1M),
       tunefs(1M), attributes(5), largefile(5), ufs(7FS)

DIAGNOSTICS
       newfs: No such file or directory	       The  device  specified does not
					       exist, or a disk partition  was
					       not specified.

       special: cannot open		       You  must  write	 access to the
					       device to use this command.

SunOS 5.10			  2 Aug 2005			     newfs(1M)
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