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SYSLOG(3)		 BSD Library Functions Manual		     SYSLOG(3)

NAME
     syslog, syslog_r, vsyslog, vsyslog_r, syslogp, syslogp_r, vsyslogp,
     vsyslogp_r, openlog, openlog_r, closelog, closelog_r, setlogmask,
     setlogmask_r — control system log

LIBRARY
     Standard C Library (libc, -lc)

SYNOPSIS
     #include <syslog.h>

     void
     syslog(int priority, const char *message, ...);

     void
     syslog_r(int priority, struct syslog_data *data, const char *message,
	 ...);

     void
     syslogp(int priority, const char *msgid, const char *sdfmt,
	 const char *message, ...);

     void
     syslogp_r(int priority, struct syslog_data *data, const char *msgid,
	 const char *sdfmt, const char *message, ...);

     void
     openlog(const char *ident, int logopt, int facility);

     void
     openlog_r(const char *ident, int logopt, int facility,
	 struct syslog_data *data);

     void
     closelog(void);

     void
     closelog_r(struct syslog_data *data);

     int
     setlogmask(int maskpri);

     int
     setlogmask_r(int maskpri, struct syslog_data *data);

     #include <stdarg.h>

     void
     vsyslog(int priority, const char *message, va_list args);

     void
     vsyslog_r(int priority, struct syslog_data *data, const char *message,
	 va_list args);

     void
     vsyslogp(int priority, const char *msgid, const char *sdfmt,
	 const char *message, va_list args);

     void
     vsyslogp_r(int priority, struct syslog_data *data, const char *msgid,
	 const char *sdfmt, const char *message, va_list args);

DESCRIPTION
     The syslog() function writes message to the system message logger.	 The
     message is then written to the system console, log files, logged-in
     users, or forwarded to other machines as appropriate (see syslogd(8)).

     The message is identical to a printf(3) format string, except that ‘%m’
     is replaced by the current error message.	(As denoted by the global
     variable errno; see strerror(3).)	A trailing newline is added if none is
     present.

     The syslog_r() function is a multithread-safe version of the syslog()
     function.	It takes a pointer to a syslog_data structure which is used to
     store information.	 This parameter must be initialized before syslog_r()
     is called.	 The SYSLOG_DATA_INIT constant is used for this purpose.  The
     syslog_data structure and the SYSLOG_DATA_INIT constant are defined as:

	   struct syslog_data {
		   int		   log_file;
		   int		   connected;
		   int		   opened;
		   int		   log_stat;
		   const char	  *log_tag;
		   int		   log_fac;
		   int		   log_mask;
	   };

	   #define SYSLOG_DATA_INIT { \
	       .log_file = -1, \
	       .log_fac = LOG_USER, \
	       .log_mask = 0xff, \
	   }

     The structure is composed of the following elements:

	   log_file   contains the file descriptor of the file where the mes‐
		      sage is logged

	   connected  indicates if connect has been done

	   opened     indicates if openlog_r() has been called

	   log_stat   status bits, set by openlog_r()

	   log_tag    string to tag the entry with

	   log_fac    facility code

	   log_mask   mask of priorities to be logged

     The vsyslog() function is an alternative form in which the arguments have
     already been captured using the variable-length argument facilities of
     stdarg(3).

     The syslogp() variants take additional arguments which correspond to new
     fields in the syslog-protocol message format.  All three arguments are
     evaluated as printf(3) format strings and any of them can be NULL.	 This
     enables applications to use message IDs, structured data, and UTF-8
     encoded content in messages.

     The message is tagged with priority.  Priorities are encoded as a
     facility and a level.  The facility describes the part of the system gen‐
     erating the message.  The level is selected from the following ordered
     (high to low) list:

     LOG_EMERG	   A panic condition.  This is normally broadcast to all
		   users.

     LOG_ALERT	   A condition that should be corrected immediately, such as a
		   corrupted system database.

     LOG_CRIT	   Critical conditions, e.g., hard device errors.

     LOG_ERR	   Errors.

     LOG_WARNING   Warning messages.

     LOG_NOTICE	   Conditions that are not error conditions, but should possi‐
		   bly be handled specially.

     LOG_INFO	   Informational messages.

     LOG_DEBUG	   Messages that contain information normally of use only when
		   debugging a program.

     The vsyslog_r() is used the same way as vsyslog() except that it takes an
     additional pointer to a syslog_data structure.  It is a multithread-safe
     version of the vsyslog() function described above.

     The openlog() function provides for more specialized processing of the
     messages sent by syslog() and vsyslog().  The parameter ident is a string
     that will be prepended to every message.  The logopt argument is a bit
     field specifying logging options, which is formed by OR'ing one or more
     of the following values:

     LOG_CONS	   If syslog() cannot pass the message to syslogd(8) it will
		   attempt to write the message to the console
		   (“/dev/console”).

     LOG_NDELAY	   Open the connection to syslogd(8) immediately.  Normally
		   the open is delayed until the first message is logged.
		   Useful for programs that need to manage the order in which
		   file descriptors are allocated.

     LOG_PERROR	   Write the message to standard error output as well to the
		   system log.

     LOG_PID	   Log the process id with each message: useful for identify‐
		   ing instantiations of daemons.  (This PID is placed within
		   brackets between the ident and the message.)

     The facility parameter encodes a default facility to be assigned to all
     messages that do not have an explicit facility encoded:

     LOG_AUTH	   The authorization system: login(1), su(1), getty(8), etc.

     LOG_AUTHPRIV  The same as LOG_AUTH, but logged to a file readable only by
		   selected individuals.

     LOG_CRON	   The cron daemon: cron(8).

     LOG_DAEMON	   System daemons, such as routed(8), that are not provided
		   for explicitly by other facilities.

     LOG_FTP	   The file transfer protocol daemon: ftpd(8).

     LOG_KERN	   Messages generated by the kernel.  These cannot be gener‐
		   ated by any user processes.

     LOG_LPR	   The line printer spooling system: lpr(1), lpc(8), lpd(8),
		   etc.

     LOG_MAIL	   The mail system.

     LOG_NEWS	   The network news system.

     LOG_SYSLOG	   Messages generated internally by syslogd(8).

     LOG_USER	   Messages generated by random user processes.	 This is the
		   default facility identifier if none is specified.

     LOG_UUCP	   The uucp system.

     LOG_LOCAL0	   Reserved for local use.  Similarly for LOG_LOCAL1 through
		   LOG_LOCAL7.

     The openlog_r() function is the multithread-safe version of the openlog()
     function.	It takes an additional pointer to a syslog_data structure.
     This function must be used in conjunction with the other multithread-safe
     functions.

     The closelog() function can be used to close the log file.

     The closelog_r() does the same thing as closelog(3) but in a multithread-
     safe way and takes an additional pointer to a syslog_data structure.

     The setlogmask() function sets the log priority mask to maskpri and
     returns the previous mask.	 Calls to syslog() with a priority not set in
     maskpri are rejected.  The mask for an individual priority pri is calcu‐
     lated by the macro LOG_MASK(pri); the mask for all priorities up to and
     including toppri is given by the macro LOG_UPTO(toppri).  The default
     allows all priorities to be logged.

     The setlogmask_r() function is the multithread-safe version of
     setlogmask().  It takes an additional pointer to a syslog_data structure.

RETURN VALUES
     The routines closelog(), closelog_r(), openlog(), openlog_r(), syslog(),
     syslog_r(), vsyslog(), vsyslog_r(), syslogp(), syslogp_r(), vsyslogp(),
     and vsyslogp_r() return no value.

     The routines setlogmask() and setlogmask_r() always return the previous
     log mask level.

EXAMPLES
	   syslog(LOG_ALERT, "who: internal error 23");

	   openlog("ftpd", LOG_PID | LOG_NDELAY, LOG_FTP);

	   setlogmask(LOG_UPTO(LOG_ERR));

	   syslog(LOG_INFO, "Connection from host %d", CallingHost);

	   syslog(LOG_INFO|LOG_LOCAL2, "foobar error: %m");

	   syslogp(LOG_INFO|LOG_LOCAL2, NULL, NULL, "foobar error: %m");

	   syslogp(LOG_INFO, "ID%d", "[meta language=\"en-US\"]",
		   "event: %s", 42, EventDescription);

     For the multithread-safe functions:

	   struct syslog_data sdata = SYSLOG_DATA_INIT;

	   syslog_r(LOG_INFO|LOG_LOCAL2, &sdata, "foobar error: %m");

SEE ALSO
     logger(1), syslogd(8)

     The BSD syslog Protocol, RFC, 3164, August 2001.

     The syslog Protocol, Internet-Draft, draft-ietf-syslog-protocol-23,
     September 2007.

HISTORY
     These non-multithread-safe functions appeared in 4.2BSD.  The multi‐
     thread-safe functions appeared in OpenBSD 3.1 and then in NetBSD 4.0.
     The async-signal-safe functions appeared in NetBSD 4.0.  The syslog-pro‐
     tocol functions appeared in NetBSD 5.0.

CAVEATS
     It is important never to pass a string with user-supplied data as a for‐
     mat without using ‘%s’.  An attacker can put format specifiers in the
     string to mangle your stack, leading to a possible security hole.	This
     holds true even if you have built the string “by hand” using a function
     like snprintf(), as the resulting string may still contain user-supplied
     conversion specifiers for later interpolation by syslog().

     Always be sure to use the proper secure idiom:

	   syslog(priority, "%s", string);

     With syslogp() the caller is responsible to use the right formatting for
     the message fields.  A msgid must only contain up to 32 ASCII characters.
     A sdfmt has strict rules for paranthesis and character quoting.  If the
     msgfmt contains UTF-8 characters, then it has to start with a Byte Order
     Mark.

BSD				  May 3, 2010				   BSD
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